The impact of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism association with coronary artery calcium: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to analyze the association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with subclinical atherosclerosis measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) in the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. Materials and methods: CAC was measured using a 64-detector computed tomographic scanner. The association of CAC > 0 was presented as an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) in logistic models and as β (95%CI) in linear models after multivariable adjustment for confounders. Results: We analyzed 3,809 participants (mean-age (SD) 50.5 (8.8); 51.7% women). In the main analysis, we did not find an association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with CAC. However, in stratified analysis according to age strata, we found no significative interaction terms, an important heterogeneity between the groups, with the younger age strata showing an association of the group with both diseases and CAC > 0 (OR 7.16; 95%CI, 1.14; 44.89) with a wide but significative 95%CI, suggesting that the smaller number of participants in the younger group may influence the results. Our findings also showed an association of CAC > 0 and log (CAC+1) with diabetes in logistic (OR, 1.31; 95%CI, 1.05-1.63) and linear models (β, 0.24, 0.16, 0.40), respectively. Diabetes was independently associated with CAC > 0 in linear models. Discussion: In conclusion, our results showed a great heterogeneity in stratified analysis based on age in the younger age strata. Although we found no significant interaction factors, the smaller sample size for the analysis may influence the negative findings.

Association between psoriasis and thyroid function: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adults Health (ELSA-Brasil)

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the relationship between psoriasis, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triodothyronine (FT3), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), and subclinical thyroid dysfunctions in middle-aged and older adults. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional analyses included a self-reported medical diagnosis of psoriasis and thyroid function from the 3rd visit (2017-2019) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). TSH, FT4, and FT3 levels were analyzed as continuous variables and quintiles, and TPOAb positivity and subclinical hypothyroidism as a yes/no variable. Logistic regression models were built as crude and adjusted by main confounders (age, sex, education level, race/ethnicity, and smoking). Results: From 9,649 participants (52.3% women; 59.2 ± 8.7 years old), the prevalence of psoriasis was 2.8% (n = 270). TSH, FT4, TPOAb positivity, and subclinical hypothyroidism were not associated with psoriasis in the main analyses. In the stratified analysis, our findings showed positive associations of the lowest (OR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.05-3.84; p = 0.036) and the highest (OR = 2.13; 95% CI 1.12-4.05; p = 0.022) quintiles of FT4 and a protective association of TPOAb positivity (OR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.19-0.98; p = 0.046) with prevalent psoriasis in women. In the logistic regression for FT3, participants in the 1st quintile showed a statistically significant association with psoriasis for the whole sample (OR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.11-2.46; p = 0.013) and for men (OR = 2.25; 95% CI 1.25-4.04; p = 0.007) in the sex-stratified analysis. Conclusions: The present study showed that the association of FT4 levels with psoriasis are different according to sex, with a possible U-shaped curve in women but not in men. Although there were some associations of FT3 with psoriasis, they may be a consequence of non-thyroidal illness syndrome. Further prospective data may clarify the association of thyroid function and psoriasis.

Perfil de atividade física no tempo livre e tempo sedentário em adultos no Brasil: inquérito nacional, 2019 / Profile of leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behavior in adults in Brazil: a nationwide survey, 2019 / Perfil de la actividad física en el tiempo libre y sedentario em adultos en Brasil: encuesta nacional, 2019

Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behavior in adults in Brazil. Methods: this was a cross-sectional, population-based study carried out in a sample of 88,531 Brazilians, using data from the 2019 National Health Survey; leisure-time physical activity (overall and aerobic exercise) was measured according to the World Health Organization guidelines; the weighted prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of physical activity, physical inactivity and sedentary behavior were estimated. Results: according to the selected sample, 26.4% (95%CI 25.9;27.1) of Brazilian adults were physically active, 14.0% (95%CI 13.5;14.4) were insufficiently physically active and 59.5% (95%CI 58.8;60.2) were physically inactive; sedentary behavior ≥ 6 hours was reported by 30.1% (95%CI 29.5;30.8) of the population; only 8.6% (95%CI 8.2;8.9) met the recommendations for muscle-strengthening activities. Conclusion: most Brazilian adults were physically inactive and did not meet international recommendations for leisure-time physical activity and reduction in sedentary behavior.

Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia de actividad física en el tiempo libre y comportamiento sedentario de adultos en Brasil. Métodos: estudio seccional, poblacional, de la muestra de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019 a partir de lo cual, se estimó la prevalencia ponderada (porcentaje e intervalo de confianza del 95%) de actividad física (general y aeróbica), la inactividad física y el comportamiento sedentario. Resultados: según la muestra elegida, 26,4% (IC95% 25,9;27,1) son físicamente activos, 59,5% (IC95% 58,8;60,2) son inactivos, 14,0% (IC95% 13,5;14,4) son insuficientemente activos y 30,1% (IC95% 29,5;30,8) pasan ≥6 horas sedentarios en su tiempo libre; sólo el 8,6% (IC95% 8,2;8,9) de los adultos cumple con las recomendaciones de actividad física para fortalecimiento muscular. Conclusión: la mayoría de los adultos brasileños son inactivos, no cumplen con las recomendaciones internacionales de actividad física en el tiempo libre y la restricción del tiempo sedentario.

Objetivos: estimar a prevalência de atividade física no tempo livre e comportamento sedentário em adultos no Brasil. Métodos: estudo seccional, populacional, na amostra de 88.531 brasileiros da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019; a atividade física (geral e modalidades aeróbias) no tempo livre foi mensurada conforme as diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde; estimaram-se as prevalências ponderadas, e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), de atividade física, inatividade física e tempo sedentário. Resultados: a partir da amostra selecionada, 26,4% (IC95% 25,9;27,1) dos adultos brasileiros eram fisicamente ativos, 14,0% (IC95% 13,5;14,4) eram insuficientemente ativos e 59,5% (IC95% 58,8;60,2) eram inativos; o tempo sedentário ≥ 6 horas foi relatado por 30,1% (IC95% 29,5;30,8) da população; apenas 8,6% (IC95% 8,2;8,9) atenderam às recomendações de atividade física para fortalecimento muscular. Conclusão: a maioria dos brasileiros adultos era inativa e não atendeu às recomendações internacionais de atividade física no tempo livre e restrição de tempo sedentário.

Liver steatosis as a predictor of incident diabetes in adults: a prospective evaluation in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) / Esteatose hepática como preditor de diabetes incidente em adultos: avaliação prospectiva no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) / Esteatosis hepática como predictor de diabetes incidente en adultos: evaluación prospectiva en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes, and that NAFLD may precede and/or promote the development of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate whether liver steatosis is associated with the incidence of diabetes in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). The ELSA-Brasil is an occupational cohort study of active or retired civil servants, aged 35-74 years, in six capital cities in Brazil. We excluded participants with diabetes at baseline, those who reported excessive alcohol consumption or with missing information on relevant covariates, and those with self-referred hepatitis or cirrhosis. In total, 8,166 individuals participated, and the mean duration of follow-up was 3.8 years. The Cox proportional regression model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the associations. Abdominal ultrasonography was used to detect liver steatosis. In the follow-up period, the cumulative incidence of diabetes was 5.25% in the whole sample, 7.83% and 3.88% in the groups with and without hepatic steatosis, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared to those without steatosis, individuals with hepatic steatosis had an increased risk of developing diabetes (HR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.09-1.56) after adjustment for potential confounders, including body mass index (BMI). Hepatic steatosis was an independent predictor of incident diabetes in the ELSA-Brasil cohort study. Physicians should encourage changes in lifestyle and screen for diabetes in patients with fatty liver.

Evidências epidemiológicas crescentes sugerem uma relação bidirecional entre a doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) e o diabetes tipo 2 e que a DHGNA pode preceder e/ou promover o desenvolvimento de diabetes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a esteatose hepática está associada à incidência de diabetes no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). O ELSA-Brasil é um estudo de coorte ocupacional com servidores públicos ativos ou aposentados, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, de seis capitais do Brasil. Foram excluídos os participantes com diabetes no início do estudo, aqueles que relataram consumo excessivo de álcool ou com falta de informações sobre covariáveis relevantes e indivíduos com hepatite ou cirrose autorreferida. No total, 8.166 indivíduos participaram e o tempo médio de seguimento foi de 3,8 anos. O modelo de regressão proporcional de Cox foi utilizado para estimar a razão de risco (HR) ajustada para as associações. A ultrassonografia abdominal foi utilizada para detectar esteatose hepática. No período de seguimento, a incidência cumulativa de diabetes foi de 5,25% em todo o grupo de participantes e de 7,83% e 3,88% nos grupos com e sem esteatose hepática, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Em comparação com aqueles sem esteatose, os indivíduos com esteatose hepática apresentaram um risco elevado de desenvolver diabetes (HR = 1,31; IC95%: 1,09-1,56) após o ajuste para potenciais fatores de confusão, incluindo o índice de massa corporal (IMC). A esteatose hepática foi um preditor independente de diabetes incidente no ELSA-Brasil. Os médicos devem incentivar mudanças no estilo de vida e a triagem para diabetes para pacientes com fígado gorduroso.

La creciente evidencia epidemiológica sugiere una relación bidireccional entre la enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólica (EHGNA) y la diabetes tipo 2 y que la EHGNA puede preceder y/o desarrollar la diabetes. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la esteatosis hepática está asociada con la incidencia de diabetes en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). ELSA-Brasil es un estudio de cohorte ocupacional, realizado con funcionarios públicos activos o jubilados, con edades entre 35 y 74 años, de seis capitales en Brasil. Se excluyeron a los participantes con diabetes al inicio del estudio, aquellos que informaron consumir excesivamente alcohol o que carecían de información sobre las covariables relevantes, y los individuos con hepatitis o cirrosis autorreportada. En total participaron 8.166 sujetos, y el tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 3,8 años. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión proporcional de Cox para estimar la razón de riesgo ajustada (HR) en las asociaciones. Se realizó ecografía abdominal para detectar esteatosis hepática. En el periodo de seguimiento, el grupo de participantes tuvo incidencia acumulada de diabetes del 5,25%, y en los grupos con y sin esteatosis hepática fueron del 7,83% y el 3,88%, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Los individuos con enfermedad de hígado graso tuvieron mayor riesgo de desarrollar diabetes (HR = 1,31; IC95%: 1,09-1,56) después de ajustar los posibles factores de confusión, incluido el índice de masa corporal (IMC), en comparación con aquellos sin esteatosis. La esteatosis hepática fue un predictor independiente de diabetes incidente en ELSA-Brasil. Los médicos deben alentar cambios en el estilo de vida y la detección de diabetes a los pacientes con hígado graso.

The association of diabetes, subclinical hypothyroidism and carotid intima-media thickness: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil)

Abstract Introduction: The association of diabetes with subclinical thyroid diseases may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We analyzed the association of subclinical hypothyroidism, diabetes, and both diseases with carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT) as a surrogate maker for early cardiovascular disease in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Methods: Cross-sectional analysis with data from the 3rd visit (2017‒2019). Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association of subclinical hypothyroidism, diabetes and of both diseases with a cIMT presented as Beta (95% Confidence Interval - 95% CI) without adjustment, with adjustment for sociodemographic variables (Model 1) and multivariable adjustment (Model 1 more cardiovascular risk factors). We also used logistic regression models to analyze the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% CI for the association of both diseases using cIMT > P75%. Results: After the exclusion of patients with previous cardiovascular disease, 5,077 participants with no diseases, 1578 with diabetes, 662 with subclinical hypothyroidism, and 234 with both diseases were included in the analysis. Linear regression models showed an association of cIMT with only diabetes (β = 0.019; 95% CI 0.012 to 0.027; p < 0.0001) and subclinical hypothyroidism more diabetes (β = 0.03; 95% CI 0.010‒0.047, p < 0.0001). The logistic regression model reported an association between diabetes and CIMT higher than P75% (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.30‒1.71). No interaction between diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism was detected using cIMT respectively as a continuous (p = 0.29) or as a categorical variable (p = 0.92). Discussion: Diabetes was associated with higher cIMT values. However, no additive effect of subclinical hypothyroidism associated with diabetes over cIMT was detected.

Prognóstico Relacionado à Terapia de Reperfusão Pós-Síndrome Coronariana Aguda na Atenção Secundária: Análise de Sobrevida em Longo Prazo na Estratégia ERICO / Prognosis Related to Reperfusion Therapy Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome in Secondary Care: Long-Term Survival Analysis in the ERICO Study

Resumo Fundamento A relação entre terapia de reperfusão após a síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e mortalidade na atenção secundária não é bem conhecida. Objetivos Avaliar o impacto de três estratégias terapêuticas: (1) terapia medicamentosa exclusiva, (2) Angioplastia Transluminal percutânea coronaria (ATPC) e (3) revascularização do miocárdio (RM) na sobrevida em longo prazo de participantes da Estratégia de Registro de Insuficiência Coronariana Aguda (ERICO). Métodos Análises de sobrevida para mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade por doença cardiovascular (DCV) e mortalidade por doença arterial coronariana (DAC) foram realizadas de acordo com três estratégias terapêuticas (tratamento clínico exclusivo, ATPC ou RM). Modelos de regressão de Cox foram usados para estimar o hazard ratio (HR) com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de 180 dias a quatro anos de acompanhamento após a SCA. Os modelos são apresentados como modelo sem ajuste ou ajustado quanto à idade, sexo e DAC prévia, tipo de SCA, tabagismo, hipertensão, dislipidemia, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e de acordo com o número de artérias coronárias principais obstruídas (≥50%). Resultados Entre os 800 participantes, as piores taxas de sobrevida (mortalidade por todas as causas e DCV) foram detectadas entre os indivíduos que se submeteram a RM. Houve correlação entre RM e DAC [HR: 2,19 (IC95% 1,05-4,55)], mas o risco perdeu significância no modelo multivariado. A ATPC foi associada a uma menor probabilidade de eventos fatais durante os quatro anos de acompanhamento: mortalidade por todas as causas [HR, análise multivariada: 0,42 (IC95% 0,26-0,70)], por DCV [HR: 0,39 (95% CI: 0,20-0,73)] e DAC [HR, análise multivariada: 0,24 (IC95% 0,09-0,63)] em comparação aos submetidos ao tratamento clínico exclusivo. Conclusão No ERICO, a ATPC após a SCA foi associada a um melhor prognóstico, principalmente sobrevida por DAC.

Abstract Background Relationship between reperfusion therapy post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and mortality in secondary care is not well-known. Objectives To evaluate the impact of three therapeutic strategies: (1) exclusive medical therapy, (2) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and (3) coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on long-term survival of participants in the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study. Methods Survival analyses for all-cause, cardiovascular (CVD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality were performed according to three therapeutic strategies (exclusive medical therapy, PCI or CABG). Cox regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) with respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI) from 180 days to four years of follow-up after ACS. Models are presented as crude, age-sex adjusted and further adjusted for previous CAD, ACS subtype, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, left ventricular ejection fraction and according to the number of obstructed (≥ 50%) major coronary arteries. Results Among 800 participants, the lowest crude survival rates were detected among individuals who underwent CABG (all-cause and CVD). CABG was correlated to CAD (HR: 2.19 [95% CI: 1.05-4.55]). However, this risk lost significance in the full model. PCI was associated to lower probability of fatal events during four-year follow-up: all-cause [multivariate HR: 0.42 (95% CI: 0.26-0.70)], CVD [HR: 0.39 (95% CI: 0.20-0.73)] and CAD [multivariate HR: 0.24 (95% CI: 0.09-0.63)] compared to those submitted to exclusive medical therapy. Conclusion In the ERICO study, PCI after ACS was associated to better prognosis, particularly CAD survival.

Saúde Cardiovascular e Fibrilação ou Flutter Atrial: Um Estudo Transversal do ELSA-Brasil / Cardiovascular Health and Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter: A Cross-Sectional Study from ELSA-Brasil

Resumo Fundamento A associação entre o status de saúde cardiovascular ideal ( ideal cardiovascular health ( ICVH) e diagnóstico de fibrilação ou flutter atrial (FFA) foi menos estudado em comparação a outras doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivos Analisar a associação entre o diagnóstico de FFA e métricas e escores de ICVH no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Métodos Este estudo analisou dados de 13141 participantes com dados completos. Os traçados eletrocardiográficos foram codificados de acordo com o Sistema de Minnesota, em um centro de leitura centralizado. As métricas do ICVH (dieta, atividade física, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo, glicemia de jeju, e colesterol total) e escores do ICVH foram calculados conforme proposto pela American Heart Association . Modelos de regressão logística bruta e ajustada foram construídos para analisar associações de métricas e escores do ICVH com diagnóstico de FFA. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 0,05. Resultados A idade mediana da amostra foi de 55 anos, e 54,4% eram mulheres. Nos modelos ajustados, os escores de ICVH não apresentaram associação significativa com diagnóstico de FFA prevalente [odds ratio (OR):0,96; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%):0,80-1,16; p=0,70). Perfis de pressão arterial ideal (OR:0,33; IC95%:0,1-0,74; p=0,007) e colesterol total ideal (OR:1,88; IC95%:1,19-2,98; p=0,007) foram significativamente associados com o diagnóstico de FFA. Conclusões Não foram identificadas associações significativas entre escores de ICVH global e diagnóstico de FFA após ajuste multivariado em nossas análises, devido, ao menos em parte, às associações antagônicas da FFA com métricas de pressão arterial e de colesterol total do ICVH. Nossos resultados sugerem que estimar a prevenção da FFA por meio de escore de ICVH global pode não ser adequado, e as métricas do ICVH devem ser consideradas separadamente.

Abstract Background The association between ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) status and atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) diagnosis has been less studied compared to other cardiovascular diseases. Objective To analyze the association between AFF diagnosis and ICVH metrics and scores in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Methods This study analyzed data from 13,141 participants with complete data. Electrocardiographic tracings were coded according to the Minnesota Coding System, in a centralized reading center. ICVH metrics (diet, physical activity, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol) and scores were calculated as proposed by the American Heart Association. Crude and adjusted binary logistic regression models were built to analyze the association of ICVH metrics and scores with AFF diagnosis. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results The sample had a median age of 55 years and 54.4% were women. In adjusted models, ICVH scores were not significantly associated with prevalent AFF diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]:0.96; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:0.80-1.16; p=0.70). Ideal blood pressure (OR:0.33; 95% CI:0.15-0.74; p=0.007) and total cholesterol (OR:1.88; 95% CI:1.19-2.98; p=0.007) profiles were significantly associated with AFF diagnosis. Conclusions No significant associations were identified between global ICVH scores and AFF diagnosis after multivariable adjustment in our analyses, at least partially due to the antagonistic associations of AFF with blood pressure and total cholesterol ICVH metrics. Our results suggest that estimating the prevention of AFF burden using global ICVH scores may not be adequate, and ICVH metrics should be considered in separate.

Association between neck circumference and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: cross-sectional analysis from ELSA-Brasil

Abstract BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a public health problem worldwide. Neck circumference (NC) is a simple anthropometric adiposity parameter that has been correlated with cardiometabolic disorders like NAFLD. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between NC and NAFLD, considering their obesity-modifying effect, among participants from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline study. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Cross-sectional study at the ELSA-Brasil centers of six public research institutions. METHODS: This analysis was conducted on 5,187 women and 4,270 men of mean age 51.8 (± 9.2) years. Anthropometric indexes (NC, waist circumference [WC] and body mass index [BMI]), biochemical and clinical parameters (diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia) and hepatic ultrasound were measured. The association between NC and NAFLD was estimated using multinomial logistic regression, considering potential confounding effects (age, WC, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia). Effect modification was investigated by including the interaction term NC x BMI in the final model. RESULTS: The frequency of NAFLD and mean value of NC were 33.6% and 33.9 (± 2.5) cm in women, and 45.8% and 39.4 (± 2.8) cm in men, respectively. Even after all adjustments, larger NC was associated with a greater chance of moderate/severe NAFLD (1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] for women; 1.05, 95% CI for men; P < 0.001). Presence of multiplicative interaction between NC and BMI (P < 0.001) was also observed. CONCLUSION: NC was positively associated with NAFLD in both sexes, regardless of traditional adiposity indexes such as BMI and WC. The magnitude of the association was more pronounced among women.

Chronic inflammatory diseases, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases: Design, objectives, and baseline characteristics of a prospective case-cohort study ‒ ELSA-Brasil

Abstract Objectives This analysis describes the protocol of a study with a case-cohort to design to prospectively evaluate the incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Chronic Inflammatory Disease (CID) participants compared to non-diseased ones. Methods A high-risk group for CID was defined based on data collected in all visits on self-reported medical diagnosis, use of medicines, and levels of high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein >10 mg/L. The comparison group is the Aleatory Cohort Sample (ACS): a group with 10% of participants selected at baseline who represent the entire cohort. In both groups, specific biomarkers for DIC, markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, and CVD morbimortality will be tested using weighted Cox. Results The high-risk group (n = 2,949; aged 53.6 ± 9.2; 65.5% women) and the ACS (n=1543; 52.2±8.8; 54.1% women) were identified. Beyond being older and mostly women, participants in the high-risk group present low average income (29.1% vs. 24.8%, p < 0.0001), higher BMI (Kg/m2) (28.1 vs. 26.9, p < 0.0001), higher waist circumference (cm) (93.3 vs. 91, p < 0.0001), higher frequencies of hypertension (40.2% vs. 34.5%, p < 0.0001), diabetes (20.7% vs. 17%, p = 0.003) depression (5.8% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.007) and higher levels of GlycA a new inflammatory marker (p < 0.0001) compared to the ACS. Conclusions The high-risk group selected mostly women, older, lower-income/education, higher BMI, waist circumference, and of hypertension, diabetes, depression, and higher levels of GlycA when compared to the ACS. The strategy chosen to define the high-risk group seems adequate given that multiple sociodemographic and clinical characteristics are compatible with CID.

Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e obesidade abdominal: resultados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil / Consumption of alcoholic beverages and abdominal obesity: cross-sectional analysis of ELSA-Brasil

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar a associação entre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e adiposidade abdominal em adultos. Estudo transversal realizado com dados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). A amostra foi constituída por 15.065 servidores públicos de seis instituições de ensino e pesquisa (35 a 74 anos, ambos os sexos). Para identificar adiposidade central por meio das medidas de circunferência da cintura (CC) e relação cintura/quadril (RCQ), utilizou-se os pontos de corte preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado e modelos de regressão de Poisson ajustados por variáveis potencialmente confundidoras. Cerca de 40% da amostra apresentava CC e RCQ elevadas. A probabilidade de apresentar CC elevada foi 5% e 3% maior no grupo mais exposto de consumo de cerveja em homens e mulheres quando comparado ao grupo de referência [RP = 1,05 (IC 95% 1,02-1,08) e RP = 1,03 (IC 95% 1,00-1,07)]. Também foi encontrada maior probabilidade de apresentar RCQ elevada entre os maiores consumidores de cerveja [RP = 1,03 (IC 95% 1,00-1,07) em homens e RP=1,10 (IC 95% 1,04-1,15) em mulheres]. Maior número de doses/semana de bebida alcoólica aumentou a probabilidade de ocorrência de CC e RCQ elevadas, sendo mais importante a contribuição da cerveja.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the association between alcohol consumption and abdominal adiposity in adults. Cross-sectional study conducted at baseline data from ELSA-Brasil (2008- 2010). The sample consisted of 15,065 civil servants from six education and research institutions (35 to 74 years old, both sexes). To identify central adiposity by measuring waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), the cutoff points recommended by the World Health Organization were used. Poisson regression models adjusted for potentially confounding variables were tested. About 40% of the sample had elevated WC and WHR. The probability of having elevated WC was 5% and 3% higher in the most exposed group of beer consumption in men and women when compared to the reference group [PR= 1.05 (95% CI 1.02-1.08) and P R= 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07)]. A higher probability of having a high WHR was also found among the highest beer consumers [PR = 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07) in men and PR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.04-1.15) in women]. A greater number of doses/week of alcoholic drink increased the probability of occurrence of high WC and WHR, with the beer contribution being more important.

Incidence of TPOAb over a 4-year follow-up period: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

ABSTRACT Objective: Although some previous data have suggested a high iodine intake in Brazil, the prevalence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb) in the country is compatible with rates from countries with adequate iodine intake. This observation emphasizes the importance of knowing the incidence of TPOAb in Brazil. Materials and methods: This prospective analysis included euthyroid participants with negative TPOAb at baseline and a thyroid function assessment at a 4-year follow-up. TPOAb was measured by electrochemiluminescence and considered positive when titers were ≥34 IU/mL. TSH and free T4 (FT4) levels were determined by a third-generation immunoenzymatic assay. The incidence of TPOAb is expressed in percentage per year or as a cumulative incidence within the 4-year follow-up period. Results: Of 8,922 euthyroid participants (mean age 51.1 years; 50.9% women) with a negative TPOAb test at baseline, 130 presented incident TPOAb at the 4-year follow-up, yielding an annual incidence of TPOAb of 0.38%/year (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.37-0.39%/year) and a cumulative incidence over 4 years of 1.46% (95% CI, 1.21-1.71%). In men, the annual incidence was 0.32% (95% CI, 0.31-0.33%), and the cumulative incidence over 4 years was 1.23% (95% CI, 0.90-1.56%). In women, the annual incidence was 0.43%/year (95% CI, 0.42-0.44%/year) and the cumulative incidence over 4 years was 1.67% (95% CI, 1.30-2.04%). The only factor associated with incident TPOAb was the occurrence of thyroid diseases at follow-up. No differences in TPOAb incidence were detected across ELSA-Brasil research centers. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the incidence of TPOAb per year and at a 4-year follow-up period are compatible with those of a country with adequate iodine intake.

O prognóstico da doença arterial coronariana em um Hospital Público no Brasil: Achado do estudo ERICO / The prognosis of coronary artery disease in a brazilian community hospital: Findings from the ERICO study

Resumo Fundamento O prognóstico de longo prazo pós síndrome coronária aguda (SCA) no cuidado secundário não é bem conhecido. A gravidade da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) como preditor de mortalidade no longo prazo foi avaliada em um hospital público no Brasil. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o prognóstico de curto e longo prazo após um evento de SCA, de acordo com a gravidade da doença obstrutiva, em pacientes atendidos em um hospital público secundário para um coorte prospectivo sobre DAC no Brasil (o Estudo de Registro de Insuficiência Coronariana, estudo ERICO) Métodos Foram realizadas análises de sobrevida por curvas de Kaplan-Meier e modelo de risco proporcional de Cox [razão de risco (RR) com o respectivo intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% para avaliar mortalidade cumulativa global, por DCV e DAC, de acordo com a obstrução arterial coronária: sem obstrução (grupo de referência), doença de um vaso, doença de dois vasos, doença de múltiplos vasos] entre 800 adultos do estudo ERICO durante 4 anos de monitoramento. As RR são apresentadas como dados brutos e posteriormente padronizadas quanto a possíveis fatores de confusão, no período de 180 dias até 4 anos de monitoramento após a SCA. O p-valor <0.05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Taxas de sobrevida mais baixas foram detectadas entre indivíduos com a doença de múltiplos vasos (global, DCV e DAC, p de teste de Log-rank <0,0001). Depois da padronização multivariada, a doença de múltiplos vasos [RR; 2,33 (IC 95%; 1,10-4,95)] e doença de um vaso obstruído [RR; 2,44 (IC 95%; 1,11-5,34)] tiveram o risco mais alto de mortalidade global comparadas aos índices dos sujeitos sem obstrução no monitoramento de 4 anos. Conclusões Não só os pacientes com doença de múltiplos vasos como também os com doença de um vaso tiveram alto risco de mortalidade no longo prazo pós-SCA. Esses achados destacam a importância de se ter uma abordagem melhor no tratamento e no controle de fatores de risco cardiovascular, mesmo em indivíduos com risco aparentemente baixo, atendidos em cuidado secundário.

Abstract Background Long-term prognosis post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in secondary care is not well-known. The severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) as a predictor of long-term mortality was evaluated in a community hospital in Brazil. Objective We aimed to compare short and long-term prognosis after an ACS event according to severity of obstructive disease in patients attended in a secondary community hospital from prospective CAD cohort in Brazil (the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome, ERICO study). Methods Survival analyses were performed by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models (hazard ratios (HR) with respective 95% confidence interval (CI) to evaluate cumulative all-cause, CVD and CAD mortality according the coronary artery obstruction: no-obstruction (reference group), 1-vessel-disease, 2-vessel-disease, multivessel-disease) among 800 adults from an ERICO study during a 4-year-follow-up. HR are presented as crude and further adjusted for potential confounders from 180 days to 4-year follow-up after ACS. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Poorer survival rates were detected among individuals with multivessel-disease (all-cause, CVD and CAD, p-log rank< 0.0001). After multivariate adjustments, multivessel-disease -(HR; 2.33 (CI 95%; 1.10-4.95)) and 1-vessel-disease obstructed (HR; 2.44 (CI 95%; 1.11-5.34)) had the highest risk for all-cause mortality compared to those with no obstruction at 4-year follow-up. Conclusions Not only multivessel-disease, but also 1-vessel-disease patients showed a high long-term mortality risk post-ACS. These findings highlight the importance of having a better approach in the treatment and control of cardiovascular risk even in apparently low-risk individuals attended to in secondary care.

Incidence of thyroid diseases: Results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate incidence of subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Subjects and methods: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a prospective cohort study of 15,105 civil servants, examined at baseline and over a 4-year follow-up. This analysis included 9,705 participants with normal thyroid function at baseline, follow-up information about thyroid function and with no report of using drugs that may interfere in the thyroid function. Thyroid function was defined by TSH/FT4 levels or routine use of thyroid hormones/anti-thyroid medications. Annual and cumulative (over 4-year) incidence rates were presented as percentages (95% Confidence Intervals). Results: The incidence of all overt and subclinical thyroid disease was 6.7% (1.73%/year): 0.19% for overt hyperthyroidism (0.048%/year), 0.54% for subclinical hyperthyroidism (0.14%/year), 1.98% for overt hypothyroidism (0.51%/year), and 3.99% for subclinical hypothyroidism (1.03%/year). The incidence of all thyroid diseases was higher in women, when compared to men, with a low women:men ratio (1.36). For Blacks the highest incidence was for overt hyperthyroidism, while for Whites, the highest incidence was for overt hypothyroidism. However, the highest incidence of overt hyperthyroidism was detected in Asian descendants. The presence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies at baseline was associated with higher incidence of overt thyroid diseases. Conclusion: These results showed a high incidence of hypothyroidism, which is compatible with a country with a more-than-adequate iodine intake. The low women:men ratio of the incidence of thyroid dysfunction highlights the importance of the diagnosis of thyroid diseases among men in Brazil.

Frequência e Motivos para a não Administração e Suspensão de Medicamentos durante um Evento de Síndrome Coronariana Aguda. Estudo ERICO / Frequency and Reasons for Non-Administration and Suspension of Drugs During an Acute Coronary Syndrome Event. The ERICO Study

Resumo Fundamentos: Poucos estudos discutiram causas para o subtratamento medicamentoso na SCA. Objetivos: Avaliar a não-administração e suspensão de medicamentos durante o tratamento intra-hospitalar da SCA na Estratégia de Registro de Síndrome Coronariana Aguda (estudo ERICO). Métodos: Analisamos prontuários de 563 participantes ERICO para avaliar a frequência e motivos da não administração e/ou suspensão de medicamentos. Construímos modelos de regressão logística para avaliar se sexo, idade ≥65 anos, nível educacional ou subtipo de SCA estavam associados com (a) não administração de ≥1 medicamentos; e (b) não administração ou suspensão de ≥1 medicamentos. O nível de significância foi 5%. Resultados: A amostra é composta por 58,1% de homens e com idade mediana de 62 anos. Em 183 (32,5%) participantes ≥1 medicamentos não foram administrados e 288 (51,2%) apresentaram ≥1 medicamentos não administrados ou suspensos. As causas mais frequentes foram risco de sangramento (aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina), insuficiência cardíaca (betabloqueadores) e hipotensão (inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina). Indivíduos com idade ≥65 anos (razão de chances [RC]:1,51; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]:1,05-2,19) e com angina instável (RC:1,72; IC95%:1,07-2,75) tiveram maior chance de não-administração. Considerando apenas pacientes com infarto do miocárdio, idade ≥65 anos foi associada tanto à não administração quanto à não administração ou suspensão. Conclusões: A não administração ou suspensão de ≥1 medicamento não foi rara no estudo ERICO. Indivíduos com idade ≥65 anos ou com angina instável tiveram maior chance de não administração e podem ser subtratados nesse cenário.

Abstract Background: Few studies have discussed the reasons for pharmacological undertreatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Objectives: To determine the frequency and reasons for the non-administration and suspension of medications during in-hospital treatments of ACS in the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study. Methods: The present study analyzed the medical charts of the 563 participants in the ERICO study to evaluate the frequency and reasons for the non-administration and/or suspension of medications. Logistic regression models were built to analyze if sex, age ≥65 years of age, educational level, or ACS subtype were associated with (a) the non-administration of ≥1 medications; and (b) the non-administration or suspension of ≥1 medications. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: This study's sample included 58.1% males, with a median of 62 years of age. In 183 (32.5%) participants, ≥1 medications were not administered, while in 288 (51.2%), ≥1 medications were not administered or were suspended. The most common reasons were the risk of bleeding (aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin), heart failure (beta blockers), and hypotension (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers). Individuals aged ≥65 (odds ratio [OR]:1.51; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:1.05-2.19) and those with unstable angina (OR:1.72; 95% CI:1.07-2.75) showed a higher probability for the non-administration of ≥1 medication. Considering only patients with myocardial infarction, being ≥65 years of age was associated with both the non-administration and the non-administration or suspension of ≥1 medication. Conclusions: Non-administration or suspension of ≥1 medication proved to be common in this ERICO study. Individuals of ≥65 years of age or with unstable angina showed a higher probability of the non-administration of ≥1 medication and may be undertreated in this scenario. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(5):830-839)

Níveis Elevados de Netrina-1 e IL-1β em Mulheres Idosas com SCA: Pior Prognóstico no Acompanhamento de Dois Anos / High Serum Netrin-1 and IL-1β in Elderly Females with ACS: Worse Prognosis in 2-years Follow-up

Resumo Fundamento Vários marcadores têm sido avaliados quanto a um potencial impacto nas decisões clínicas ou na predição de mortalidade na síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), incluindo Netrina-1 e IL-1β. Objetivo Examinamos o valor prognóstico de Netrina-1 e IL-1β em pacientes com SCA (2 anos de acompanhamento). Métodos Avaliamos Netrina-1, IL-1β e outros fatores de risco em amostras de soro de 803 pacientes. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier e regressão de Cox foram usadas para análise de óbito por todas as causas, óbito por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e desfecho combinado de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) fatal ou novo IAM não fatal, considerando p < 0,05. Resultados Houve 115 óbitos por todas as causas, 78 óbitos por DCV e 67 eventos no desfecho combinado. Níveis de Netrina-1 acima da mediana (> 44,8 pg/mL) foram associados a pior prognóstico (óbito por todas as causas e por DCV) em mulheres idosas, mesmo após o ajuste do modelo (HR: 2,08, p = 0,038 e HR: 2,68, p = 0,036). Níveis de IL-1β acima da mediana (> 13,4 pg/mL) em mulheres idosas foram associados a risco aumentado para todos os desfechos após o ajuste (todas as causas - HR: 2,03, p = 0,031; DCV - HR: 3,01, p = 0,013; desfecho combinado - HR: 3,05, p = 0,029). Para homens, não foram observadas associações entre Netrina-1 ou IL-1β e os desfechos. Conclusão Níveis séricos elevados de Netrina-1 e IL-1β mostraram associação significativa com pior prognóstico em idosas do sexo feminino. Eles podem ser úteis como indicadores prognósticos em SCA. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):507-514)

Abstract Background Several markers have been evaluated for a potential impact on clinical decisions or mortality prediction in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including Netrin-1 and IL-1β that have been associated with cardiovascular disease. Objective Our study examined the prognostic value of Netrin-1 and IL-1β in patients with ACS (2-year follow-up). Methods We evaluate Netrin-1, IL-1β and other risk factors in the serum sample of 803 patients. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used for the analysis of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and a combined outcome of fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or new non-fatal MI, considering p-value < 0.05. Results There were 115 deaths from all causes, 78 deaths due to cardiovascular causes and 67 events in combined outcomes. Netrin-1 levels above the median (>44.8 pg/mL) were associated with a worse prognosis (all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality) in elderly females, even after model adjustment (HR: 2.08, p = 0.038 and HR: 2.68, p = 0.036). IL-1β levels above the median (>13.4 pg/mL) in elderly females were associated with increased risk of all outcomes after adjustment (all-cause mortality - HR: 2.03, p = 0.031; cardiovascular mortality - HR: 3.01, p = 0.013; fatal MI or new non-fatal MI - HR: 3.05, p = 0.029). For males, no associations were observed between Netrin-1 or IL-1β and outcomes. Conclusion High serum levels of Netrin-1 and IL-1β showed significant association with worse prognosis in elderly females. They may be useful as prognostic indicators in ACS. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):507-514)

Public policies in headache disorders: needs and possibilities / Políticas públicas em cefaleias: necessidades e possibilidades

Abstract Although headaches have recognized impact, there are no public policies in Brazil addressing this problem. The Brazilian Headache Society and the Brazilian Association of Cluster Headache and Migraine promoted a summit to discuss Public Policy and Advocacy for headache disorders. Professionals from various segments, representing various sectors of society, gathered in April 2019 in Brasília, defining the most important points for achieving advances in public policies in headache in Brazil, such as: inclusion in the chronic diseases surveillance agenda; improving public understanding and access to diagnosis and treatment; teaching in colleges and medical residences, structuring care networks, intervention models, clinical protocols and legislation supporting public policies in headache.

Resumo Embora as cefaleias tenham reconhecido impacto, não há no Brasil políticas públicas voltadas para este problema. A Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaleia e Associação Brasileira de Cefaleia e Enxaqueca promoveram um seminário para a discussão de Políticas Públicas e Advocacy (defesa dos direitos dos pacientes) em Cefaleias. Reuniram-se em abril de 2019 em Brasília, profissionais de vários segmentos, representando diversos setores da sociedade, definindo os pontos mais importantes para que se obtenham avanços nas políticas públicas em cefaleias no Brasil, tais como: inclusão na agenda de vigilância das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis; melhora do entendimento do público e seu acesso a diagnóstico e tratamento; ensino em faculdades e residências médicas, estruturação de redes de atendimento, modelos de intervenção, protocolos clínicos e legislação de apoio às políticas públicas em cefaleia.

Prevalence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies in a multiethnic Brazilian population: The ELSA-Brasil Study

ABSTRACT Objective In this study, we aimed to describe the prevalence and distribution of positive antithyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb) according to sex, age strata, and presence of thyroid dysfunction using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Materials and methods Thyroid hormone tests were obtained from each study participant at baseline. Levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured using a third-generation immunoenzymatic assay. Antithyroperoxidase antibodies were measured by electrochemiluminescence and were considered to be positive when ≥ 34 IU/mL. Results The prevalence of TPOAb among 13,503 study participants was 12%. Of participants with positive TPOAb, 69% were women. Almost 60% of the individuals with positive TPOAb were white. The presence of positive TPOAb was associated with the entire spectrum of thyroid diseases among women, but only with overt hyperthyroidism and overt hypothyroidism in men. Conclusion The distribution of positive TPOAb across sex, race, age, and thyroid function in the ELSA-Brasil study is aligned with the worldwide prevalence of positive TPOAb reported in iodine-sufficient areas. In women, the presence of TPOAb was related to the entire spectrum of thyroid dysfunction, while in men, it was only related to the occurrence of overt thyroid disease.

Elevated High-Sensitivity Troponin I in the Stabilized Phase after an Acute Coronary Syndrome Predicts All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in a Highly Admixed Population: A 7-Year Cohort / A Troponina I de Alta Sensibilidade Elevada na Fase Estabilizada após Síndrome Coronariana Aguda Prevê Mortalidade por Todas as Causas e Mortalidade Cardiovascular em uma População Altamente Miscigenada: Uma Coorte de 7 Anos

Abstract Background: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) has played an important role in the risk stratification of patients during the in-hospital phase of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but few studies have determined its role as a long-term prognostic marker in the outpatient setting. Objective: To investigate the association between levels of hs-cTnI measured in the subacute phase after an ACS event and long-term prognosis in a highly admixed population. Methods: We measured levels of hs-cTnI in 525 patients 25 to 90 days after admission for an ACS event; these patients were then divided into tertiles according to hs-cTnI levels and followed for up to 7 years. We compared all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using Cox proportional hazards models and adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: After a median follow-up of 51 months, patients in the highest tertile had a greater hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality after adjustment for age, sex, known cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, and demographic factors (HR: 3.84, 95% CI: 1.92-8.12). These findings persisted after further adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and left ventricular ejection fraction < 0.40 (HR: 6.53, 95% CI: 2.12-20.14). Cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in the highest tertile after adjustment for age and sex (HR: 5.65, 95% CI: 1.94-16.47) and both in the first (HR: 4.90, 95% CI: 1.35-17.82) and second models of multivariate adjustment (HR: 5.89, 95% CI: 1.08-32.27). Conclusions: Elevated hs-cTnI levels measured in the stabilized phase after an ACS event are independent predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a highly admixed population.

Resumo Fundamento: A troponina cardíaca de alta sensibilidade I (TnI-as) tem desempenhado um papel importante na estratificação de risco dos pacientes durante a fase intra-hospitalar da síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), mas poucos estudos determinaram seu papel como marcador prognóstico de longo prazo no ambiente ambulatorial. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre os níveis de TnI-as medidos na fase subaguda após um evento de SCA e o prognóstico a longo prazo, em uma população altamente miscigenada. Métodos: Medimos os níveis de TnI-as em 525 pacientes em um período de 25 a 90 dias após a entrada em hospital por um evento de SCA; esses pacientes foram então divididos em tercis conforme os níveis de TnI-as, e acompanhados por até 7 anos. Comparamos as mortalidades por todas as causas e cardiovascular através de modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox e adotando um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Após um acompanhamento médio de 51 meses, os pacientes no tercil mais alto apresentaram uma taxa de risco (HR) maior para mortalidade por todas as causas, após ajustes para idade, sexo, fatores de risco cardiovascular conhecidos, uso de medicação e fatores demográficos (HR: 3,84 IC 95%: 1,92-8,12). Esses achados persistiram após um ajuste adicional para uma taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) estimada < 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 e uma fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 0,40 (HR: 6,53; IC95%: 2,12-20,14). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi significativamente maior no tercil mais alto, após ajustes para idade e sexo (RR: 5,65; IC95%: 1,94-16,47) e tanto no primeiro modelo de ajuste multivariado (HR: 4,90; IC 95%: 1,35-17,82) quanto no segundo (HR: 5,89; IC95%: 1,08-32,27). Conclusões: Níveis elevados de TnI-as, medidos na fase estabilizada após um evento de SCA, são preditores independentes de mortalidade por todas as causas e de mortalidade cardiovascular em uma população altamente miscigenada.

Relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular risk factors among young and middle-aged Brazilians. Cross-sectional study / Relação entre doença periodontal e fatores de risco cardiovascular em brasileiros jovens e de meia-idade. Estudo transversal

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested in the literature that periodontal disease (PD) is associated with cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to appraise the relationship between periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis) and traditional cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and metabolic syndrome) among young and middle-aged adults attended at a health promotion and check-up center in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at the Health Promotion and Check-up Center of Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: We consecutively evaluated 539 subjects without prior cardiovascular disease who were seen within a health promotion program that included cardiovascular and dental evaluation between February and November 2012. Odds ratios (OR) with respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between PD and cardiovascular risk factors were ascertained through multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: In this sample of mean age 45 years (standard deviation, SD ± 8.8), which was 82% male, we found PD in 63.2% (gingivitis 50.6% and periodontitis 12.6%). Individuals with PD were older, more obese (without PD 15.2%; versus gingivitis 22.1% and periodontitis 32.4%) and more diabetic (without PD 5.1%; versus gingivitis 4.8% and periodontitis 13.2%), compared with those without PD. Among all cardiovascular risk factors evaluated, obesity was associated with periodontitis (multivariate OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.23-4.52). However, after additional adjustment for oral hygiene, this finding was no longer significant (multivariate OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.79-3.37). CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any significant associations between cardiovascular risk factors and periodontal disease in this sample.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A literatura sugere que doença periodontal (DP) está associada ao risco cardiovascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre doença periodontal (gengivite e periodontite) e fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais (obesidade, hipertensão, dislipidemia, diabetes e síndrome metabólica) em adultos jovens e de meia-idade atendidos em um centro de promoção da saúde e check-up na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal no Centro de Promoção de Saúde e check-up do Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos consecutivamente 539 indivíduos sem doença cardiovascular diagnosticada, observados em um programa de promoção da saúde que incluiu avaliação cardiovascular e odontológica de fevereiro a novembro de 2012. Razões de chances (RC) com respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) para a associação entre DP e fatores de risco cardiovascular foram calculadas por regressão logística multinomial. RESULTADOS: Nesta amostra de pessoas com idade média de 45 anos (desvio padrão, DP ± 8,8), 82% de homens, encontramos 63,2% de casos de DP (50,6% de gengivite e periodontite 12,6%). Indivíduos com DP eram mais velhos, mais obesos (sem DP 15,2%; versus gengivite 22,1% e periodontite 32,4%) e mais diabéticos (sem DP 5,1%; versus gengivite 4,8% e periodontite 13,2%) comparados com aqueles sem DP. De todos os fatores de risco cardiovascular avaliados, a obesidade foi associada à periodontite (RC multivariada, 2,36; IC 95%, 1,23-4,52). No entanto, após ajuste adicional para higiene bucal, esse achado não foi mais significativo (RC multivariada, 1,63; IC 95%, 0,79-3,37). CONCLUSÕES: Não encontramos associações significativas entre fatores de risco cardiovascular e doença periodontal nesta amostra.

Doença cerebrovascular no Brasil de 1990 a 2015: Global Burden of Disease 2015 / Cerebrovascular disease in Brazil from 1990 to 2015: Global Burden of Disease 2015

RESUMO: Objetivo: Verificar as tendências temporais das taxas de mortalidade, dos anos de vida perdidos (years of life lost - YLL) e dos anos de vida perdidos devido à incapacidade (years lost due to disability - YLD) motivadas pela doença cerebrovascular no Brasil entre 1990 e 2015. Métodos: Utilizou-se as informações do Global Burden of Diseases 2015 (GBD 2015) para analisar a magnitude e as tendências das taxas de mortalidade e dos anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (DALY - disability-adjusted life years) nas 27 unidades da Federação, entre 1990 e 2015, pela doença cerebrovascular (CID-10: I-60-69). Os estados brasileiros foram analisados pelo índice de desenvolvimento social (IDS), composto por renda per capita, proporção de escolaridade formal aos 15 anos e taxa de fecundidade. Resultados: Apesar do aumento do número absoluto de mortes pela doença cerebrovascular, a proporção de mortes abaixo dos 70 anos de idade reduziu pela metade entre 1990 e 2015. A aceleração da queda foi maior entre as mulheres, e mais acentuada no período de 1990 e 2005 do que de 2005 a 2015. O risco de morte reduziu-se à metade em todo o país; porém, os estados no tercil inferior tiveram reduções menos expressivas para homens e mulheres (respectivamente, -1,23 e -1,84% ao ano), comparados aos no tercil médio (-1,94 e -2,22%) e no tercil superior (-2,85 e -2,82%). Os anos perdidos por incapacidade também apresentam redução entre os estados, mas de forma menos expressiva. Conclusão: Apesar da redução das taxas ajustadas por idade em todo o país, a doença cerebrovascular ainda apresenta alta carga de doença, principalmente nos estados com menor desenvolvimento socioeconômico.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To verify the time trends of mortality rates, years of lost life (YLL), and years lived with disability (YLD) caused by cerebrovascular disease in Brazil between 1990 and 2015. Methods: The estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases 2015 were used to analyze the magnitude and trends of mortality rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) for cerebrovascular disease (ICD-10: I-60-69) in the 27 units of the Federation between 1990 and 2015. The states were analyzed by the social development index (SDI), based on average income per person, educational attainment at 15 years- old and total fertility rate. Results: Despite the increase in the absolute number of deaths due to cerebrovascular disease, the proportion of deaths below 70 years of age has been halved between 1990 and 2015. The acceleration of the reduction was higher among women; and increased from 1990 to 2005, when compared to the period from 2005 to 2015. The risk of death has been halved across the country, but states in the lower SDI tertile had less significant reductions (-1.23 and -1.84% a year) compared to the middle tertile (-1.94 and - 2.22%) and the upper tertile (-2.85 and -2.82%) for men and women, respectively. The years lived with disability also presented a reduction among states, but less expressively. Conclusion: Despite the reduction of age-adjusted mortality rates throughout the country, cerebrovascular disease still presents a high disease burden, especially in states with lower socioeconomic development.